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Sex, Economy, Freedom, & Community : Eight Essays
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Gender Equality and the Cultural Economy : Comparative Perspectives
The status of women in the creative and cultural industries remains precarious.This comparative analysis provides insights from seven key economies to help understand progress towards gender equality in culture and the arts and the broader cultural economy. With empirical and policy analysis spanning Europe and the US, the authors investigate the extent to which gender equality has entered the mainstream along dimensions of leadership, access and awards, pay and pension gaps, work-life balance, and the monitoring of gender equality.While many of the structural barriers have been erased, countries differ significantly in how much gender equality has been achieved in the creative economy and how much female talent is lost and unrecognized. This book is essential reading for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners across the human and social sciences, especially those involved with arts management and the creative or cultural economy more broadly.
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Web Accessibility Cookbook : Creating Inclusive Experiences
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Cooperation and Community : Economy and Society in Oaxaca
In the villages and small towns of Oaxaca, Mexico, as in much of rural Latin America, cooperation among neighbors is essential for personal and community survival.It can take many forms, from godparenting to sponsoring fiestas, holding civic offices, or exchanging agricultural or other kinds of labor.This book examines the ways in which the people of Santa Ana del Valle practice these traditional cooperative and reciprocal relationships and also invent new relationships to respond to global forces of social and economic change at work within their community. Based on fieldwork he conducted in this Zapotec-speaking community between 1992 and 1996, Jeffrey Cohen describes continuities in the Santañeros' practices of cooperation, as well as changes resulting from transnational migration, tourism, increasing educational opportunities, and improved communications.His nuanced portrayal of the benefits and burdens of cooperation is buttressed by the words of many villagers who explain why and how they participate-or not-in reciprocal family and community networks.This rich ethnographic material offers a working definition of community created in and through cooperative relationships.
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Free market economy or planned economy?
The choice between a free market economy and a planned economy depends on the specific goals and values of a society. A free market economy allows for individual freedom and competition, which can lead to innovation and efficiency. However, it can also result in inequality and lack of regulation. On the other hand, a planned economy allows for more control and distribution of resources, but it can stifle individual initiative and innovation. Ultimately, the decision between the two depends on the balance a society seeks between individual freedom and social equality.
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Why market economy and not planned economy?
A market economy is preferred over a planned economy because it allows for individual freedom and choice in economic decision-making. In a market economy, prices are determined by supply and demand, leading to efficient allocation of resources. Additionally, competition in a market economy encourages innovation and productivity, driving economic growth. On the other hand, a planned economy, where the government controls production and distribution, can lead to inefficiencies, lack of innovation, and limited consumer choice.
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How are planned economy and shortage economy related?
A planned economy is a system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, and prices of goods and services. In a planned economy, resources are allocated based on a central plan rather than market forces. A shortage economy occurs when there is a lack of goods and services available for consumers due to factors such as poor planning, inefficiency, or external shocks. In a planned economy, the risk of a shortage economy is higher as the government may not accurately predict or meet the demands of the population, leading to imbalances in supply and demand.
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What is the difference between social market economy, free market economy, and planned economy?
A social market economy combines elements of both a free market economy and a planned economy. It allows for private ownership of businesses and resources, while also implementing government regulations to ensure fair competition and social welfare. In contrast, a free market economy relies on minimal government intervention, allowing businesses to operate with little regulation. On the other hand, a planned economy is centrally controlled by the government, with decisions regarding production, distribution, and pricing made by central authorities.
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Capitalism, Development and Empowerment of Labour : A Heterodox Political Economy
The dominant neoliberal approach presents politics and political economy as nuisances which disturb the smooth operation of self-regulating markets.But political economy is not merely an academic issue – it is a class issue, and this book forcefully argues that political economy should return to a central position in the study of the social sciences. Offering nothing less than a reconciliation of Marxian, Keynesian and neoclassical economics, the work opens with a discussion of the key, interconnected economic concepts which help us to understand capitalism: price, income, profit, value, growth and crisis.Prices reflect income distribution and therefore class relations, and the chapters show that the very emergence of capitalism resulted from mass empowerment of the so-called "lower orders".Profit is always available if entrepreneurs spend on net investment and create incomes for additional labour; this, in turn, requires expanding demand, and so therefore profit depends on rising mass incomes.Conversely, underdevelopment is the result of the destitution and disempowerment of the masses.In the Global South today, it is clear that enormous riches go hand in hand with widespread misery and poverty because the market does not transform wealth into the kind of investment that might benefit all.This book argues that the new wealth triggered by productivity increases has enabled the rich to liberate themselves from the capitalist constraints of competition and waste their new wealth in the form of rents.The main threat today is, in fact, the globalisation of rent.The text makes a point for a progressive counter strategy: capitalist structures that empower labour need to be transferred to the Global South.This requires political and economic efforts towards empowering labour in the Global South. This book demonstrates the analytical power of political economy for all social scientists and will be invaluable reading for economists, political scientists and sociologists in particular.
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A Feminist Political Economy for an Inclusive and Sustainable Society
Diane Perrons and Sigrid Stagl combine feminist and critical environmental economics perspectives to develop a critique of the free market growth model and offer new ideas for a more sustainable gender equitable model of development in the interests of all. They consider how the free market model has performed in relation to a range of societal goals and show how the free market perspective is tied up with an androcentric understanding of the economy which overlooks the role of social reproduction.Building on the work of Karl Polanyi and Nancy Fraser they develop a single framework for understanding the crises in nature, social reproduction and finance facing us today and consider the limits of a market society and the alternatives for a progressive economic policy. The book makes an important contribution to the critique of neoliberal economics and identifies pathways of development which promise more gender equitable, environmentally and socially sustainable alternatives within radically reformed capitalist economies as well as more utopian alternatives beyond capitalism.
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Issues and Challenges in the Malaysian Economy : Towards Inclusive Growth
Focusing on Malaysia's shifting economic profile and position, this book investigates a range of new developments impacting on growth, such as the effects of the digital economy on jobs creation and the threats of environmental degradation and trade protectionism. In developing the debate around the importance of achieving high economic growth through various government initiatives, the chapters discuss a number of issues, including: trade and innovation economics capital flight risk financial development income inequality fiscal policy sustainability agricultural economyA leading team of Malaysian economics and business scholars offer new insights and perspectives to scholars and researchers working in the fields of economic policy, developing economics and East Asian studies, who are interested in the multiple challenges facing this fast-moving economy.
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Breaking Down Barriers : Usability, Accessibility and Inclusive Design
The Cambridge Workshops on Universal Access and Assistive Technology (CWUAAT) is one of the few gatherings where people interested in inclusive design, across different fields, including designers, computer scientists, engineers, architects, ergonomists, ethnographers, policymakers and user communities, meet, discuss, and collaborate.CWUAAT has also become an international workshop, representing diverse cultures including Portugal, Germany, Trinidad and Tobago, Canada, Australia, China, Norway, USA, Belgium, UK, and many more. The workshop has five main themes based on barriers identified in the developing field of design for inclusion: I Breaking Down Barriers between Disciplines II Breaking Down Barriers between Users, Designers and Developers III Removing Barriers to Usability, Accessibility and Inclusive Design IV Breaking Down Barriers between People with Impairments and Those without V Breaking Down Barriers between Research and Policy-making In the context of developing demographic changes leading to greater numbers of older people and people living with impairments, the general field of inclusive design research strives to relate the capabilities of the population to the design of products, services, and spaces.CWUAAT has always had a successful multidisciplinary focus, but if genuine transdisciplinary fields are to evolve from this, the final barriers to integrated research must be identified and characterised.Only then will benefits be realised in an inclusive society.Barriers do not arise from impairments themselves, but instead, are erected by humans, who often have not considered a greater variation in sensory, cognitive and physical user capabilities.Barriers are not only technical or architectural, but they also exist between different communities of professionals.Our continual goal with the CWUAAT workshop series is to break down barriers in technical, physical, and architectural design, as well as barriers between different professional communities.
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Is Germany a centrally planned economy, a social market economy, or a free market economy?
Germany is considered a social market economy. This means that while it operates within a free market framework, the government plays a significant role in regulating the economy and providing social welfare programs. The social market economy model aims to balance economic freedom with social responsibility, promoting competition and entrepreneurship while also ensuring social security and a fair distribution of wealth. This approach has been a key factor in Germany's economic success and stability.
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How do planned economy and social market economy differ?
A planned economy is one in which the government controls all aspects of economic production and distribution, including setting prices and determining what goods and services are produced. In contrast, a social market economy is a system in which the government plays a more limited role, allowing for private ownership and competition while also providing social safety nets and regulations to ensure fair competition and protect consumers. In a planned economy, the government has a central role in decision-making, while in a social market economy, the market plays a more significant role, with government intervention focused on ensuring fairness and social welfare.
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'Economy or Environment?'
Both the economy and the environment are important and interconnected. It is essential to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental protection to ensure sustainable development. Neglecting the environment can have long-term negative impacts on the economy, while a healthy environment can support a thriving economy. Therefore, it is crucial to consider both aspects in decision-making processes to achieve a harmonious and sustainable future.
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What is the difference between national economy and market economy?
A national economy refers to the overall economic system of a country, including all economic activities and resources within its borders. It is typically influenced by government policies and regulations. On the other hand, a market economy is based on the principles of supply and demand, where economic decisions and the pricing of goods and services are determined by the interactions of individuals and businesses in the marketplace. In a market economy, there is minimal government intervention, allowing for more competition and efficiency in resource allocation.
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