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John Locke and the Origins of Private Property : Philosophical Explorations of Individualism, Community, and Equality
John Locke's labor theory of property is one of the seminal ideas of political philosophy and served to establish its author's reputation as one of the leading social and political thinkers of all time.Through it Locke addressed many of his most pressing concerns, and earned a reputation as an outstanding spokesman for political individualism - a reputation that lingers widely despite some partial challenges that have been raised in recent years.In this major new study Matthew Kramer offers an extensive critique of the labor theory and investigates the consequences of its downfall.With incisive analyses of the merits and failings of many aspects of Locke's political thought, Kramer advances a powerful challenge to Locke's image as an individualist.Employing a rigorously philosophical methodology, but remaining aware of the insights generated by historical approaches to Locke, Kramer concludes that Locke's political vision was in fact profoundly communitarian.
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Philosophical Posthumanism
The notion of ‘the human’ is in need of urgent redefinition.At a time of radical bio-technological developments, and in light of the political and environmental imperatives of our age, the term ‘posthuman’ provides an alternative. The philosophical landscape which has developed as a response to the crisis of the human, includes several movements, such as: Posthumanism, Transhumanism, Antihumanism and Object Oriented Ontology.This book explains the similarities and differences between these currents and offers a detailed examination of a number of topics that fall under the “posthuman” umbrella, including the anthropocene, artificial intelligence and the deconstruction of the human. Francesca Ferrando affords particular focus to Philosophical Posthumanism, defined as a philosophy of mediation which addresses the meaning of humanity not in separation, but in relation to technology and ecology.The posthuman shift thus emerges in the global call for social change, responsible science and multispecies coexistence.
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Philosophical Manuscripts
David Lewis (1941-2001) was a celebrated and influential figure in analytic philosophy.When Lewis died, he left behind a large body of unpublished notes, manuscripts, and letters.This volume contains two longer manuscripts which Lewis had originally intended to turn into books, and thirty-one shorter items.The longer manuscripts are 'The Paradoxes of Time Travel', his David Gavin Young Lectures at the University of Adelaide, and 'Confirmation Theory', which is based on a graduate course on probability and logic that he gave at UCLA.Lewis's described his purposes in 'The Paradoxes of Time Travel' as being, `(1) to solve a philosophical problem hitherto largely ignored or casually mis-solved by philosophers […]; (2) to introduce the layman to various topics in metaphysics, since our problem turns out to connect with many more familiar ones; and (3) to show of several of my favorite doctrines and methods in metaphysics'.By contrast, 'Confirmation Theory' is a technical work in which Lewis aimed to present in a unified fashion what he considered to be the best from competing theories of confirmation.Lewis described the work as 'Mathematically self-contained, with proofs for the major theorems; but the mathematics is kept down to hairy high-school algebra'.The thirty-one shorter items cover such topics as causation, freedom of the will, probability, counterparts, reference, logic, value, and divine evil.They are included here both for their intrinsic philosophical interest and their historical value.This volume also contains an intellectual biography of the young David Lewis by the editors.
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Philosophical Dictionary
Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary, first published in 1764, is a series of short, radical essays - alphabetically arranged - that form a brilliant and bitter analysis of the social and religious conventions that then dominated eighteenth-century French thought.One of the masterpieces of the Enlightenment, this enormously influential work of sardonic wit - more a collection of essays arranged alphabetically, than a conventional dictionary - considers such diverse subjects as Abraham and Atheism, Faith and Freedom of Thought, Miracles and Moses.Repeatedly condemned by civil and religious authorities, Voltaire's work argues passionately for the cause of reason and justice, and criticizes Christian theology and contemporary attitudes towards war and society - and claims, as he regards the world around him: 'common sense is not so common'.
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Philosophical Essays
First published in 1910, Philosophical Essays is one of Bertrand Russell’s earliest works and marks an important period in the evolution of thought of one of the world’s most influential thinkers.This selection of seven essays displays Russell's incisiveness and brilliance of exposition in the examination of ethical subjects and the nature of truth.Insightful and highly accessible, these essays are as illuminating today as they were on first publication.
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Being Philosophical
Everyone must become a philosopher. The alternate is to forego living a human life, or as D.Q. McInerny illustrates, to run while choosing to be hamstrung.But not all philosophizing is equal, and it requires discipline and systematic study.In "creative impatience with ignorance" and "an unswerving commitment to the truth," one can be confident he is at least moving in the right direction toward genuine philosophy. But most importantly, philosophy requires teachers.To philosophize is, after all, to be an eternal student, a person who even while instructing others relies on the guidance found in the 'fertile' human wisdom cultivated throughout the ages. And the most fecund of all philosophy, according to McInerny, is that contained in Aristotelian-Thomism.His concise and thorough defense of the philosophical life and its lodestar, Thomism, must be read as deliberately as it was written.For McInerny makes a bold claim: if one is truly serious about philosophizing, an encounter with the essentials of Thomism is fundamental and indicates a path for the human mind unlike anything other systems or traditions of thought can offer. This book begins with logic and is followed by introductions to the philosophy of nature, philosophical psychology, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, metaphysics and natural theology.It is a companion for students of all ages who have yet to spend quality time with Thomas Aquinas. And it is a real delight to do so in the company of McInerny, who in Being Ethical (2019) has already proven himself to be the affable and able teacher every thinking person longs to meet along the course of his search for truth.
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The Human as the Other : Towards an Inclusive Philosophical Anthropology
Philosophical anthropology investigates what makes us human, but it has produced accounts that exclude some members of our species.It relies often on non-naturalistic “philosophies of consciousness” that locate humanity in the cognitive capacity to objectively represent things, to reason teleologically and use tools, to use symbols and language, or to be self-conscious and question existence.This work pursues an alternative, thoroughly naturalistic philosophical anthropology by combining Arnold Gehlen’s theory of our behaviorally-detached and institutionally-structured impulses with Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s views on intersubjectivity, affect, sexuality, and social institutions.It locates the human within the unique structure of our capacity for feeling, which produces an inclusive account of “the human as the other” or Homo alter.Humans are deeply and thoroughly dependent on affective, bodily, communicative bonds, in which other humans appear as sources of pleasure, communicative meaning, institutional norms, and interpersonal approbation and disapprobation.However, this socio-biological account of the human denies that human nature alone can prescribe the necessary form of institutions, such as the home, which is a criticism of any potential “political anthropology.” A result of this focus on our social and affective natures is a novel account of shame as a response to institutional and interpersonal exclusion.Failing to recognize humanity within our dependency on others and the structure of feeling is a widespread problem in philosophy and society in general that contributes to the social and metaphysical exclusion of disabled persons, who might lack certain forms of consciousness and cognition.Reimagining philosophical anthropology as the study of the unique way that human beings are socially present to one another, this work challenges such dehumanization.
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Philosophical Logic
Philosophical Logic is a clear and concise critical survey of nonclassical logics of philosophical interest written by one of the world's leading authorities on the subject.After giving an overview of classical logic, John Burgess introduces five central branches of nonclassical logic (temporal, modal, conditional, relevantistic, and intuitionistic), focusing on the sometimes problematic relationship between formal apparatus and intuitive motivation.Requiring minimal background and arranged to make the more technical material optional, the book offers a choice between an overview and in-depth study, and it balances the philosophical and technical aspects of the subject.The book emphasizes the relationship between models and the traditional goal of logic, the evaluation of arguments, and critically examines apparatus and assumptions that often are taken for granted.Philosophical Logic provides an unusually thorough treatment of conditional logic, unifying probabilistic and model-theoretic approaches. It underscores the variety of approaches that have been taken to relevantistic and related logics, and it stresses the problem of connecting formal systems to the motivating ideas behind intuitionistic mathematics.Each chapter ends with a brief guide to further reading.Philosophical Logic addresses students new to logic, philosophers working in other areas, and specialists in logic, providing both a sophisticated introduction and a new synthesis.
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